| Páginas no assunto: < [1 2 3 4] | Central Asian Languages: a renewed source of linguistic interest Autor da sequência: Alp Berker
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| How the Qing Dynasty took the decision to reconquer Xinjiang ... | Jul 9, 2009 |
lai an wrote: In the 19th Century Yaqub Beg set up a kingdom in what is now Xinjiang. It was overthrown by the Qing Dynasty Governor of Gansu Province, Zuo Zong Tang, after he had put down the Hui Rebellion in Gansu. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub_Beg Taking advantage of the Hui uprising in Xinjiang Province, in north-western China, he captured Kashgar and Yarkand from the Chinese and gradually took control of most of the region of Eastern Turkestan ... Yakub Beg ruled at the height of The Great Game era when the British, Russian, and Chinese empires were all vying for Central Asia. ... After his death his state of Kashgaria rapidly fell apart, and Kashgar was reconquered by the Qing Dynasty...
Zuo Zong Tang is very famous. Here is the story of how the Qing Dynasty decided to secure China's Inner Asia borders. (At the time the Qing Court had to decide whether to defend China's coasts or the Interior, and the decision was taken to defend the Interior). It's an interesting story. [ Note: Agubai = Yakub Beg ]:
http://www.proz.com/forum/chinese/131126-經典誤譯-page12.html#1148296
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang#Success_and_appointments
In 1878, [Zuo Zong Tang] successfully suppressed the Yakub Beg's uprising in Xinjiang and helped to negotiate an end to Russian occupation of the border city of Ili. ]
Here is the story of how territory was ceded to Russia in the Ili Treaty. The story of Zuo Zong Tang taking his coffin with him to Xinjiang is famous. :
After Agubai was defeated, the Russian troops were still hanging on in Ili and refusing to leave. Zuo Zong Tang decided to go to Xinjiang himself to deploy the troops for battle, and take back Ili. When he left Suzhou to go to the front line, he took a coffin with him, following along behind the army. This showed that regardless of life or death, honour or disgrace, if he did not take back Ili, he would not come back alive. Under the influence of Zuo Zong Tang's heroic spirit, the spirits of all the officers and men in the army were fired up, and they resolved to shed their blood in a martyr's death to take back China's sacred and inviolable territory.
However, the corrupt court was afraid that, if Zuo Zong Tang went to war against Russia, the situation would escalate and would be difficult to resolve, so they sent down an order recalling Zuo Zong Tang. In the seventh year of the Guangxu Emperor (1881 AD), China and Russia signed the "Ili Treaty". Although the treaty returned Ili, it allowed Russia to cut off the large expanse of territory to the west of the Huo'erguosi River and part of the Beijiang region. Russia also arbitrarily extorted nine million roubles in reparations and expanded its trading rights in China's Western region.
(translated from Liu De Hong, Chinese History Stories: Modern Times - Part One, China Children and Young People's Press, Beijing, 1983)
[Edited at 2009-07-09 11:11 GMT]
| | | | | How the Qing Dynasty took the decision to reconquer Xinjiang ... Pt 2; Uyghur/Xinjiang songs | Jul 13, 2009 |
[The campaign against Yakub Beg]
'By that time, the Tongzhi Emperor had already died of an illness, and there was a new emperor, Zai Tian, on the throne. His reign was entitled the Guangxu reign. In the spring of the second year of the Guangxu Emperor (1876 AD), Zuo Zong Tang led his troops out of Lanzhou. Passing through the Hexi Corridor, he set out towards Xinjiang. When he arrived at Suzhou (present-day Jiuquan), he called his generals together and said to them, "Generals, this ... See more [The campaign against Yakub Beg]
'By that time, the Tongzhi Emperor had already died of an illness, and there was a new emperor, Zai Tian, on the throne. His reign was entitled the Guangxu reign. In the spring of the second year of the Guangxu Emperor (1876 AD), Zuo Zong Tang led his troops out of Lanzhou. Passing through the Hexi Corridor, he set out towards Xinjiang. When he arrived at Suzhou (present-day Jiuquan), he called his generals together and said to them, "Generals, this is the first time you have been to the North-west frontier region, and you are probably not very familiar with Xinjiang, I think. From my childhood, I have loved reading history and geography books and books about warfare. I know something about Xinjiang's landscape and topography and historical development. In the centre of Xinjiang there is a large mountain range called Tian Shan. It cuts Xinjiang into two parts, North and South. South of the mountains is called Nanjiang, and north of the mountains is called Beijiang. When we advance this time, we must first attack Beijiang, which is quite conveniently located and easy for us to get to, and take Urumqi directly. Once we have a firm foothold in Urumqi, then we can recover the other areas." The generals said in unison, "All that Your Excellency commands we shall obey". Zuo Zong Tang said, "Such being the case, Generals, hear my commands: Senior General Liu Jin Tang will command all the Jinshun troops and make the main attack; Tidu Xu Zhan Biao's and Zhang Yao's troops will guard Hami and coordinate with Jinshun. The Chu troops from Hu and Guang will garrison the Dunhuang, Anxi, Yumen line and be strictly on guard against enemy troops encroaching into the Interior. I shall command from Suzhou; if any of the troops have a problem, come up and report it to me at any time."
With the deployment completed, Zuo Zong Tang sent the men and horses transporting the army provisions ahead, and then held a solemn flag ceremony. Under the stately banner bearing the name "Zuo", the entire army made a vow: not to fear dangers and difficulties, to fight the enemy to the bitter end and to take back China's territory. Then all the troops readied themselves and set out, some hurrying to their own defence sectors, others pressing forward towards the target of their offensive.
The general defending Urumqi was a Chinese, Bai Yan Hu, who had joined up with Yakub Beg. When he learned that the Qing army was coming to attack, he commanded the main force of the defenders to defend Gumudi, on the periphery of Urumqi, to the last. The Qing troops, led by Liu Jin Tang, taking advantage of the night when the enemy was asleep, launched a surprise attack. They very quickly captured Gumudi. When Bai Yan Hu saw the situation was far from good, he was the first to flee. When they saw their chief commander running away, the other enemy troops gave up the fight. The Qing troops took Urumqi very smoothly, and quickly regained the Beijiang region with the exception of Ili. The first part of Zuo Zong Tang's plan had been achieved. Following this, the Qing troops prepared to advance into Nanjiang.
When Yakub Beg, who was stationed in Nanjiang, heard that Urumqi and Beijiang had already been taken back by the Qing army, he was very alarmed. He hurriedly commanded his son Haikela to guard Tuokexun, his chief administrator Aiyide'erhulida to hold Dabancheng, and Bai Yan Hu to hold Turfan. They sought to resist stubbornly to the end.
Zuo Zong Tang resolutely issued the order to advance into Nanjiang. He said to the officers and men, "In this advance, we are attacking Yakub Beg's invaders; we are not attacking the ordinary Uygur people. Whenever our troops arrive at any place, no raping or looting is allowed, nor is any random killing permitted. Only discriminate whether or not the common people are patriotic, not which nationality they belong to." When Zuo Zong Tang's command filtered down to the places where the Uygur and other nationality people were, there was joyous singing and dancing. When the Qing troops arrived, the people voluntarily acted as guides for them, passed on intelligence, and helped with food. Some even went straight into the battlefield to help the Qing troops fight.
With the support of the local people behind them, the Qing troops led by Liu Jin Tang, Zhang Yao, Jinshun, and Xu Zhan Biao were quickly able to join forces at Turfan. The strongholds set up by Yakub Beg were all wiped out one after the other. In less than two years, the Qing troops took back all of Xinjiang, with the exception of Ili. At that time, Russia was busy fighting with Turkey, and Britain was also busy defending its influence in Turkey. Neither could spare any help for Yakub Beg. Yakub Beg, opposed by the masses and deserted by his friends, was extremely isolated. Not long afterwards, he was assassinated by his subordinates. Bai Yan Hu and his followers fled to Russia. The puppet regime, "Zhedesha'er", had utterly collapsed. The facts proved that the Yakub Beg "regime" did not have the people's support, and that its power was flimsy. Its demise accorded with the will of the people and the general trend of events. Zuo Zong Tang's support for the taking back of Xinjiang was completely vindicated.
(translated from 'Zuo Zong Tang takes back Xinjiang' in Liu De Hong, Chinese History Stories: Modern Times - Part One, China Children and Young People's Press, Beijing, 1983)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_language
http://www.proz.com/forum/chinese/30418-唱歌吧sing_sing_a_song-page145.html#1169839 Songs from Xinjiang
[Edited at 2009-07-13 12:34 GMT] ▲ Collapse
| | | | | Zuo Zong Tang reconquers Xinjiang Pt 3; Urumqi video clips/Uyghur songs etc | Jul 14, 2009 |
lai an wrote:
... The strongholds set up by Yakub Beg were all wiped out one after the other. In less than two years, the Qing troops took back all of Xinjiang, with the exception of Ili. At that time, Russia was busy fighting with Turkey, and Britain was also busy defending its influence in Turkey. Neither could spare any help for Yakub Beg. ...
(translated from 'Zuo Zong Tang takes back Xinjiang' in Liu De Hong, Chinese History Stories: Modern Times - Part One, China Children and Young People's Press, Beijing, 1983)
Two Westerners living in Urumqi, Winter 2006:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IpBgp-qUQ6c&feature=channel_page
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdHbupaAfcU&feature=channel
Urumqi: Scenes from My Neighborhood 2006-11-26 5+mins
Postcard from Urumqi 10+ mins
[The Great Game ]
... Now there was a small state in the west of Xinjiang called Haohan, which had originally accepted feudal status under the Qing Dynasty - it was a vassal state of China. Later, Russia continually expanded eastward and seized most of the territory of Haohan. This made Haohan's tribal chief, Yakub Beg, dissatisfied. At Russia's instigation, Yakub Beg then invaded and occupied China's Xinjiang to compensate for the seizure of Haohan. In the fourth year of the Tongzhi emperor's reign (1865 AD), Yakub Beg's soldiers occupied Kashgar in Nanjiang, and then continually extended out until they had forcibly occupied the whole Nanjiang region. Following on from this, Yakub Beg spread out towards Beijiang, occupied Urumqi, annexed the nearby towns and cities, and declared the establishment of a "Zhedesha'er State" in Xinjiang. Yakub Beg proclaimed himself king, and wanted Xinjiang to be split off from the territory of China.
At that time Xinjiang was the site of intense rivalry between Britain and Russia. Both countries wanted to control Yakub Beg. Britain was seeking, through control over Yakub Beg, to expand from India into Xinjiang in order to resist Russia. Russia, on the other hand, wanted, through control over Yakub Beg, to seize the chance to go a step further in the invasion of China from the west. Disguised as a businessman, the Englishman, Sha'ao, set about using his influence in Xinjiang. He presented Yakub Beg with a rifle as a gift, and Yakub Beg also gave Sha'ao special treatment, and established direct relations with Britain. The British regularly provided Yakub Beg with weapons and ammunition, thinking they would turn the propped-up Yakub Beg regime into a puppet for their own invasion of China and resistance to Russia. However, the insatiably avaricious Yakub Beg, on the one hand signed a trade treaty with Britain, allowing free entry and exit and the sending of a resident consul, and, on the other hand, curried favour with Russia. He did his utmost to give preference to Russian traders and worked hand in glove with them.
Russia had long wanted to seize China's Xinjiang region. Taking advantage of Yakub Beg's declaration of a new state and his kingship, in the tenth year of the Tongzhi Reign (1871 AD), the Russian army sent soldiers and occupied Ili and the nearby districts, a place of strategic importance in the West Xinjiang region. Not long afterwards, Russia made the Ili area into a part of the Russian territory, bringing it under the Tu'ersitan governor's jurisdiction. There they collected taxes and levies, exercised national sovereignty, and completely rejected Qing Dynasty rule over the region. ...
(translated from 'Zuo Zong Tang takes back Xinjiang' in Liu De Hong, Chinese History Stories: Modern Times - Part One, China Children and Young People's Press, Beijing, 1983)
http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1279698/nada_san_uyghur_qizi_guli_chinese/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUjPRtTomFc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxQ-VXXMHwI
Nada San Uyghur Qizi Guli? (chinese)
GuLi(AYTULAN)~!
Shahrizoda (Guli) (گۈلى 古丽)
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub_Beg#Biography
... Yakub Beg ruled at the height of The Great Game era when the British, Russian, and Chinese empires were all vying for Central Asia. ... ]
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilber ... Born in Kashgar, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China, Dilber is an internationally known lyric soprano ... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5-h141RsRA&feature=fvw
Uygur Song - Tarim 塔里木 ]
[Edited at 2009-07-14 11:19 GMT]
| | | | | The peoples here (China's Inner Asia) eat sheepment, and sing long ballads ... | Jul 18, 2009 |
You can see men 'seizing sheepmeat in their hands' in the video, at 1.37.
Here is another reference to 'sheepmeat', in the context of Yugur wedding celebrations:
'The Yugur marriage customs are quite distinctive. The young men and women are free to choose their own spouse. The wedding is usually conducted over two days, the first day at the woman's home and the second day at the man's home. The ceremonies at the man's home are more formal than those at the woman's. The two parties each invite a good singer in advance. When the bride is about to leave her parents' home her mother will sing a farewell song for her. When she arrives at her parents-in-law's home, they seize sheep meat in their hands, wine is heated in honour of the guests, and in the evening the wedding ceremony takes place. At the wedding, an old singer first sings this nationality's long narrative song "Sali Make", and then sings the toasts. When everyone is the highest of spirits with drink, the two singers start to sing a musical dialogue.' (translated from Duan, Qi & Li eds., Gansu Tourist Guide (1982), China Tourism Publishing House, Beijing)
[Photo of Uyghur kebabs, taken by an Australian: http://www.flickr.com/photos/avlxyz/1649050244/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFAkBDhCfBQ&NR=1
Uyghur song with English subtitle ]
[Edited at 2009-07-18 08:25 GMT]
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| Yugur and Bao'an wedding ballads; Central Asian 'dastan' | Jul 19, 2009 |
lai an wrote:
... At the wedding, an old singer first sings this nationality's long narrative song "Sali Make", and then sings the toasts. ... (translated from 'Gansu's Minority Nationalities' in Duan, Qi & Li eds., Gansu Tourist Guide (1982), China Tourism Publishing House, Beijing)
This is pretty interesting. Perhaps the Yugurs' 'long narrative song, "Sali Make"' is a dastan ... : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dastan
[ The dastan, in most cases, is named for the alp (or batir), the central figure or hero, who may be male or female ... The idea of marking important events with versified narrations or songs is not new. Each significant event in the lives of Central Asians had its own type of "marker" song. ... The yar-yar ("Dear, my dear" or, "Darling, my darling") was sung at weddings. ... http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-6/cae05.html Paksoy, H.B., Dastan Genre in Central Asia ]
Ballads are also sung at a Bao'an (Bonan) wedding:
A Bao'an wedding is full of interest. One important part of the wedding is the horse race on the way, when the groom's family's party is escorting the bride back to the groom's home. In the courtyard where the wedding is held, a large brand-new red felt rug is spread out, and the imam sits cross-legged on the rug with a solemn face and dignified bearing. With everyone clustered around, the bride and the groom make a deep bow to the imam and then kneel down to listen to him read the blessing. When the benediction ceremony is over, the host gives out walnuts and red dates. This is a lively part of the wedding which is greatly enjoyed by everyone. All the well-wishers, no matter whether male or female, young or old, can ask the host for walnuts and dates. The amount may vary, but all who come receive some. By distributing the walnuts and dates the host indicates that everything in the family is auspicious - because walnut (hetao) is a homonym of "hetou", which means peace and harmony to hoary old age. Last of all, large square tables are set up in the courtyard and the wedding banquet begins. When the Bao'an are having the wedding feast, banquet ballads are sung. The Bao'an ordinarily have a convention that "hua'er" are not sung freely in the village, but weddings are an exception. They sing and sing, and then the people start to dance a merry dance, dancing and leaping. When the singers and dancers move and start to surge out through the gate, even though the wedding is drawing to an end, it has actually reached its high point. On the grass outside the gate, the young people join together of their own accord and start to sing a stirring duige, giving voice to their hopes of a happy life and their search for sweet love. (Translated from 'Gansu's Minority Nationalities' in Duan, Qi & Li eds., Gansu Tourist Guide (1982), China Tourism Publishing House, Beijing)
duige = singing in antiphonal style
[ The Bao'an speak a Mongolic language: http://www.proz.com/forum/linguistics/127751-baoan_dongxiang;_gansu;_mongolic_language_peoples_in_china.html ]
[Edited at 2009-07-19 10:33 GMT]
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